Background and Objectives Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD) is a rare and fatal complication caused by blood transfusion. In this condition, donated lymphocyte cells attack host tissues. In this review article, the history, prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods, strategies to reduce its occurrence, prognosis, disease management, and laboratory characteristics of this condition are discussed. Materials and Methods For this purpose, a search was made using published reliable research in Google Scholar, PubMed, and MEDLINE databases and the findings of more than 70 articles were cited. Results The following study showed that live T lymphocytes from donated blood products and the resulting cytokine storm play a role in the occurrence of this complication. The symptoms of this disease appear in the form of skin rash, pancytopenia, and fever, and its diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and laboratory findings of skin biopsy, increased liver enzymes, confirmation of lymphocyte chimerism using STR-PCR, and determination of the HLA phenotype of lymphocytes and FISH method. This complication has a higher prevalence in populations with high genetic similarity or people with immune deficiencies, however, it also occurs in other people who do not have these conditions or who have partial donor-recipient HLA matching (one-way HLA matching). Conclusions  This complication is one of the fatal complications caused by blood transfusion that occurs within 2 to 30 days after blood products transfusion,the typical cases are associated with more than 90% mortality and mild or atypical cases have longer survival and are associated with a better prognosis that may go undetected or be treated spontaneously.

Background and Objectives Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD) is a rare and fatal complication caused by blood transfusion. In this condition, donated lymphocyte cells attack host tissues. In this review article, the history, prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods, strategies to reduce its occurrence, prognosis, disease management, and laboratory characteristics of this condition are discussed. Materials and Methods For this purpose, a search was made using published reliable research in Google Scholar, PubMed, and MEDLINE databases and the findings of more than 70 articles were cited. Results The following study showed that live T lymphocytes from donated blood products and the resulting cytokine storm play a role in the occurrence of this complication. The symptoms of this disease appear in the form of skin rash, pancytopenia, and fever, and its diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and laboratory findings of skin biopsy, increased liver enzymes, confirmation of lymphocyte chimerism using STR-PCR, and determination of the HLA phenotype of lymphocytes and FISH method. This complication has a higher prevalence in populations with high genetic similarity or people with immune deficiencies, however, it also occurs in other people who do not have these conditions or who have partial donor-recipient HLA matching (one-way HLA matching). Conclusions This complication is one of the fatal complications caused by blood transfusion that occurs within 2 to 30 days after blood products transfusion,the typical cases are associated with more than 90% mortality and mild or atypical cases have longer survival and are associated with a better prognosis that may go undetected or be treated spontaneously.

Background and Objective: Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) with positive Cytotoxin associated Gene A (CagA) have higher potential for pathogenesis. Cytotoxin associated Gene A (CagA) accelerate the pathogene city of bacteria due to cytotoxin production stimulation. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the anti-CagA antibody among H. pylori infected persons in Golestan province-North of Iran.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 676 H. pylori positive subjects in Golestan province, northern Iran during 2008. Anti CagA antibody were determined in H.pylori positive subjects. Data analyzed by SPSS-16 software and chi-square test.Results: Prevalence of anti CagA in Helicobacter pylori infected cases was 57.7% (390 cases: 179 males and 211 females) (95% CI: 53.9-61.4). According to age the highest and lowest cases of anti CagA antibody were seen in, 15-24 (63.4%) and under 5 years old (26.3%). The level of anti CagA antibody in Sistanian ethnicity group (67.2%) was more than other ethnic group. Anti CagA antibody in Rural area was more than urban regions. Sero prevalence of anti CagA antibody was highest in Minudasht twon (78%), located in East of province in comparison with Bandar Gaz (44%) in west of provinceConclusion: This study showed the prevalence of CagA positive Helicobacter pylori strains in this region is similar to other regions of Iran, Asia and Europe and higher than African population.

Background & Objective: Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN), mainly caused by the BK virus, is one of the most important infectious complications of kidney transplantation. The leading histopathologic characteristics of PVAN is viral cytopathic effects, such as nucleomegaly with smudged or clumped chromatin and intranuclear ground-glass inclusion, mostly in tubular epithelial cells. Moreover, tubular necrosis, tubulitis, interstitial inflammation, atrophy, and fibrosis have been noted. Positive immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for SV-40 highlights the infected epithelial cells of renal tubules. Methods: A total of 85 core needle biopsies of transplanted kidneys were evaluated histologically and were stained for SV-40 using the IHC method. In addition, a followup of graft failure was performed. Results: Our findings revealed that the frequency of polyomavirus infection in kidney transplant patients in the Northeast of Iran is 4. 7%. There was no significant correlation between PVAN and graft rejection. Although a higher rate of graft loss was observed in PVAN patients, in comparison with non-PVAN patients (25% vs. 14. 8%), the difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, patients with immunohistochemically confirmed PVAN and those with histopathologic features of viral-like cytopathic effects had significantly lower graft survival in the follow-up period (42. 5 vs. 196. 8 months and 109. 4 vs. 205. 7 months, respectively). Conclusion: The frequency of polyomavirus infection in kidney transplant patients in the Northeast of Iran is 4. 7%. There was no significant correlation between PVAN and graft rejection. Furthermore, we observed that polyomavirus infection accelerates the course of graft loss.